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KC 2.1
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KC 2.2
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KC 2.3
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The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions
I. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among people and an ethical code to live by
Compare the origins, principal beliefs, and practices of the major world religions and belief systems
Zoroastrianism and Christianity were salvation religions believing in a supreme deity, a paradise (or a hell) after death, and a moral code of good and evil, and originated from the Middle East, and they all constructed temples to pray and worship at; over time, many of their beliefs and practices have culturally diffused and many aspects of Zoroastrianism can still be seen in Christianity today. Judaism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism also spread and while Buddhism was extremely different from the others in both origin (Southeast Asia as opposed to the Middle East), principal beliefs (reincarnation), and practices (extreme asceticism), all of them were fundamentally religions of salvation, and Christianity, Buddhism, and Manichaeism were all missionary religions. |
Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
As communication and exchange networks expanded, religions spread across the world and aspects from many cultures diffused and merged into them.
As communication and exchange networks expanded, religions spread across the world and aspects from many cultures diffused and merged into them.
Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions
Religions had political power because they explained the unnatural and united people, so rulers would turn to religion (specifically Zoroastrianism in Persia) and try to spread it among their citizens, as well as make laws that follow that religion’s ideals. Religions also held economic and social influence, and could collect tributes/offerings from the people as well as hold social gatherings such as festivals. |
Analyze ways in which religious beliefs and practices have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
Zoroastrianism arose in order to suit an increasingly diverse and cosmopolitan society and thus promoted equality for the most part. Buddhism challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies by specifically emphasizing that not only all men are equal, but also all living things. |
II. New belief systems and cultural traditions emerged and spread, often asserting universal truths
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time
Agricultural (and, to a lesser extent, pastoralist) societies changed the environments around them to suit their needs, by altering soil and cutting down trees. Hunter-forager and pastoralist societies were able to move to more suitable environments if something happened to their current location, but they were also forced to be constantly moving to have a consistent food supply. |
Compare the origins, principal beliefs, and practices of the major world religions and belief systems
Christianity and Zoroastrianism were salvation religions who all believed in a supreme deity of creation, an afterlife, and a moral code of good and evil, and originated from the Middle East, and they all constructed temples to pray and worship at; over time, many of their beliefs and practices have culturally diffused and many aspects of Zoroastrianism can still be seen in Christianity today. Judaism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism also spread and while Buddhism was extremely different from the others in both origin (Southeast Asia as opposed to the Middle East), principal beliefs (reincarnation), and practices (extreme asceticism), all of them were fundamentally religions of salvation. |
Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
Expanding communication and trading networks gave people more opportunities to interact with people outside of their own culture, introducing them to new religions and allowing them to spread their own. |
Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions
Religions, particularly ones the rulers followed, had political impact on the laws set in place and the flow of money. Socially, they set up temples and collect offerings as well as hosted celebrations and holidays. |
Explain how economic, religious, and political elites defined and sponsored art and architecture
Religious leaders built massive ziggurats/temples to worship at and made artwork of their important figures on pottery and jewelry. Political rulers in the Persian empire set up the world’s first standardized coins, which had artwork of the rulers on them. |
Explain the relationship between expanding exchange networks and the emergence of various forms of trans-regional culture, including music, literature, and visual art
As exchange networks expanded, more people were able to witness more cultures from traders and travelers visiting their cities, performing their own culture’s traditions and selling their culture’s art. As a result, some of these artworks such as music, literature, and visual art, from many cultures would blend together and some art would become trans-regional. |
Analyze ways in which religious beliefs and practices have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
Zoroastrianism was made specifically for a cosmopolitan landscape, so it is tolerant of other races, genders, and classes. Buddhism stands firm that all living things are equal and is almost the antithesis of class, gender, and racial ideologies. |
III. Belief systems generally reinforced existing social structures while also offering new roles and status to some men and women. For example, Confucianism emphasized filial piety, and some Buddhists and Christians practiced a monastic life
Compare the origins, principal beliefs, and practices of the major world religions and belief systems
Christianity and Zoroastrianism were salvation religions who all believed in a supreme deity of creation, an afterlife, and a moral code of good and evil, and originated from the Middle East, and they all constructed temples to pray and worship at; over time, many of their beliefs and practices have culturally diffused and many aspects of Zoroastrianism can still be seen in Christianity today. Judaism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism also spread and while Buddhism was extremely different from the others in both origin (Southeast Asia as opposed to the Middle East), principal beliefs (reincarnation), and practices (extreme asceticism), all of them were fundamentally religions of salvation. |
Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
As communication and trading networks expanded, more cultures came in contact with each other leading to more cultural diffusion, spreading ideas and philosophies across regions. |
Analyze ways in which religious beliefs and practices have sustained or challenged class gender, and racial ideologies
Zoroastrianism was made specifically for a diverse region, so it is accepting of other races, genders, and classes. Buddhism stands firm that all living things are equal and is almost the antithesis of class, gender, and racial ideologies. |
The Development of States and Empires
I. The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically as rulers imposed political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states. Key states and empires include the following:
Southwest Asia - Persian Empires
East Asia - Qin and Han empires
South Asia - Mauryan and Gupta empires
Mediterranean Region - Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city-states and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman empires
Mesoamerica - Teotihuacan and Mayan city-states
Andean South America – Moche
North America - Chaco to Cahokia
Southwest Asia - Persian Empires
East Asia - Qin and Han empires
South Asia - Mauryan and Gupta empires
Mediterranean Region - Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city-states and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman empires
Mesoamerica - Teotihuacan and Mayan city-states
Andean South America – Moche
North America - Chaco to Cahokia
Explain how environmental factors influenced human migrations and settlements
Extreme drought led to native peoples traveling to the Niger River Valley in search for freshwater.
Extreme drought led to native peoples traveling to the Niger River Valley in search for freshwater.
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time.
As societies advanced governments had to advance along with them. More and more complex governments arose in North Africa and the Middle East while other societies, such as the Jenne jeno, didn't even have a formal government, although that was rare.
As societies advanced governments had to advance along with them. More and more complex governments arose in North Africa and the Middle East while other societies, such as the Jenne jeno, didn't even have a formal government, although that was rare.
Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time
Many cities in North Africa and the Middle East functioned as large Islamic trade centers that helped to stimulate the economies of this region. Over time they developed more and more and larger and larger trade centers sprouted up.
Many cities in North Africa and the Middle East functioned as large Islamic trade centers that helped to stimulate the economies of this region. Over time they developed more and more and larger and larger trade centers sprouted up.
Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors
Many of these North African and Middle Eastern societies had a fundamental relationship between the state and non-state actors. The nobles and landlords of many of these societies provided most of the resources and remained at the top of the social standings, preserving the economic and social inequalities present in these societies, including the relatively egalitarian Egypt.
Many of these North African and Middle Eastern societies had a fundamental relationship between the state and non-state actors. The nobles and landlords of many of these societies provided most of the resources and remained at the top of the social standings, preserving the economic and social inequalities present in these societies, including the relatively egalitarian Egypt.
II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time
Most of the societies of this time period were settled agricultural societies, so they affected their environments a lot more than pastoralists and hunter-foragers. The best known example of this is Egypts Pyramids of Giza, a huge landmark from a settled agricultural society, only possible through the surplus of food.
Most of the societies of this time period were settled agricultural societies, so they affected their environments a lot more than pastoralists and hunter-foragers. The best known example of this is Egypts Pyramids of Giza, a huge landmark from a settled agricultural society, only possible through the surplus of food.
Assess the demographic causes and effects of the spread of new foods and agricultural techniques.
Diffusion of certain rice and wheat from Northern Africa and indigenous crops from the Middle East had a profound impact on their regional diets. Also, the agricultural techniques of the two region was very similar because they diffused these ideas so often during trade.
Diffusion of certain rice and wheat from Northern Africa and indigenous crops from the Middle East had a profound impact on their regional diets. Also, the agricultural techniques of the two region was very similar because they diffused these ideas so often during trade.
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance
Most rulers established political legitimacy by claiming divine heritage, like the pharaohs of Egypt.
Most rulers established political legitimacy by claiming divine heritage, like the pharaohs of Egypt.
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time
Different political systems besides monarchies began to sprout up during these time periods. We start to see democracies, oligarchies, and many others.
Different political systems besides monarchies began to sprout up during these time periods. We start to see democracies, oligarchies, and many others.
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
The Nile River is a great example of an environmental factor influencing societal development. If not for the Nile River, Egyptian society would've been a lot poorer and way less influential.
The Nile River is a great example of an environmental factor influencing societal development. If not for the Nile River, Egyptian society would've been a lot poorer and way less influential.
Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies
Agricultural societies tended to have more centralized governments like in Egypt. This is opposed to pastoral societies which tend to have less centralized governments.
Agricultural societies tended to have more centralized governments like in Egypt. This is opposed to pastoral societies which tend to have less centralized governments.
Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissoluti
External conflicts have largely built the Islamic empire in the Post Classical period. Conflicts led to either expansion or it slowed down state building.
External conflicts have largely built the Islamic empire in the Post Classical period. Conflicts led to either expansion or it slowed down state building.
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution
.Commercial exchanges helped to fuel state building, expansion, and in some cases, dissolution. Without resources, none of these could occur, or with a lack of resources in the case of dissolution.
.Commercial exchanges helped to fuel state building, expansion, and in some cases, dissolution. Without resources, none of these could occur, or with a lack of resources in the case of dissolution.
Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors
Non-state actors were the foundation of the Islamic empire in the post classical period. Government only functioned with high ranking, wealthy non-state actors to supply power and resources.
Non-state actors were the foundation of the Islamic empire in the post classical period. Government only functioned with high ranking, wealthy non-state actors to supply power and resources.
III. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.
Explain how economic, religious, and political elites defined and sponsored art and architecture?
The people in charge in Persia and in Rome has a direct impact on the art and architecture present in those areas. In Persia, the economic elites decide what building would cost them the cheapest to build for the most reward. Religion did not play a big part into the art and architecture because most people did not have choices to believe in a choice of multiple religions as the only one that was believed by any was Zoroastrianism. The political figures wanted to show off their power by building giant buildings for trade. In Rome, the money inflow was endless due to the trade routes leading to Rome, leading to the economic elites showing their wealth in the empire. Even though religious art used to show Greek gods and goddess to reflect the combination of the fallen Persian empire and the once Greek empire, the west used the pictures of Jesus suffering in their paintings and Rome influences in the architecture. The opposite happen to the east that built buildings for christian purpose but did not put any symbols in it. Political leaders made art that showed how Rome was a good place and how high up their leader is. |
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance?
Rulers in Persia and in Rome ruled differently. Even though there was Persian emperors, they tried to spread and invade with peace. They allowed for even the lowest class to get paid daily. It was not until Xerxes that they tried to invade Greece with force. In Rome, they stop conquering after a while. The government was made of only men and had distinct social classes. The governments was able to reign over because it was strict about any rebellions interfering with the goals of the empire. |
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time?
The governments of Persia and Rome changed over time to better suit the changing morals and goals of their leaders. Cyrus in Persia was a peaceful ruler who gave women and slave-like workers rights, but Xeres completely reversed that. In Rome, the early government had a senate and a leader but it turn into an empire runned by a single emperor. |
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution?
Many factors in Persia and Rome influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution. In Persia, the government was so nice to everyone socially and culturally that state formation and expansion was easy because no one had a reason to fight them. This was the opposite in Rome where they tried to take over with force. Persia was surrounded by a desert that limited the amount of state formation and expansion they can do per week which can lead to its dissolution. Persia was able to expand rapidly because it was in stable economic conditions. |
Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time?
The cities changed similarly over time. The both expanded the wealth of the cities over time because both empires wanted to stay centralized. They did this by adding big buildings of entertainment, trading, and religious centers to draw all the money and wealth into one area. |
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state-building, expansion, and dissolution?
Commercial exchanges in Persia and in Rome helped many factors within these empires. In Persia and in Rome, exchanges offered the building of buildings and structures to be produced more rapidly because they had foreign materials that might be necessary to build these. Both saw an increase in expansion because the large trading center would provide weapons that they could use to fight other empires. This would also make allies that could help the take over. Therefore dissolution ( just like unit one) could slow down as other empires would increase the amount of useful supplies they would give, fearing to lose a good partner. |
Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors?
The foreign relationships with Rome was resulted in the states of Rome taking over if an empire was not present. On the other hand, Persia would try to convince the people to convert over to the Persian empire. If the event was not successful, the Persian empire would leave the land alone as this was the case until the violent Xerxes. |
Analyze the economic role of the cities as centers of production and commerce?
The cities of Persia were used for production of the army for protection as well it gave an attraction for people to come in to the empire. Similarly in Rome, many trading centers were made in the cities because all the trade routes went there. |
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires?
The Persian empire tried to give fair rights to all but all of the power came down to one family. Even though the Romans were mostly runned by an emperor after the senate was abolished, roman used armies used of thousands of men to kill and take over land in a violent manner. |
Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor organization within and across different societies?
Labor in Persia was available for everyone and everyone was paid, but women and lower class were limited to lower jobs that came with lower pay. In Rome, only men were able to work with very few getting paid due to the majority of the population being from the army of slave labor. |
Explain and compare causes and effects of different forms of coerced labor systems?
In Persia, the government made sure that everyone in paid to persuade that Persia had a balanced and fair credit system. Many people would flee their empire to join them due to the benefits. In Rome, it was the opposite with many people rebelling because few people got paid as the majority were slaves or warriors. |
Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy?
Towards the beginning of the empire ( excluding the army) the patriarchy in the labor force was almost not in the system as women were able to serve in the workforce at home (Buildings, Homes, etc). The gender hierarchy in Rome was in full effect as they had the same rights as slaves. |
Assess the impact that different ideologies, philosophies, and religions had on social hierarchies?
In Persia, Zoroastrianism did not write out a type of hierarchy, other than good above evil which is controllable. This makes it where the king gave everyone the ability to work for pay and the same amount of chances as everyone else for average jobs. In Rome, the roman emperors used the bible to back up his false leading claim that women should serve men in all cases. This gave the reasoning for continuing roman emperors to give women the right to only own slaves and not be able to work which weaken their workforce compared to the Persians. |
Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies?
The Romans kept their legal system by invoking force of anyone that rebelled. Even though many people rebelled about their rights as a roman, this resulted in nothing and a gender hierarchy was put in placed. In Persia, every was once treated semi-fairly as they were all given tasked to do that were not mandatory. That fell apart when the war with the Greeks started with Xerxes as men were valued more. |
IV. The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires encountered political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse, and transformation into successor empires or states.
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected the environments over time?
Hunter and Foragers were outdated by this time because a lot of trading were being taken place in the city. The societies of Persia and Rome had a combination of pastoralist and agricultural over time because this allowed people to specialize in one area for trading and this produces the maximum amount of food. |
Explain how environmental factors influence human migrations and settlements?
The deserts that surrounded Persia and Rome to the East allowed for people that lived in those areas to be tempted to migrate. The Mediterranean sea and the rivers around it also brought in other migrations due to the ports that brought in migrators. |
Explain how human migrations affected the environment?
When human migrated to the Persia and Rome, they littered the sea if they decided to go sailing. More likely, they spread around and trade agricultural items that were not there in that area before. This also allowed for many animals to be traded if they were pastoralist which could make other species have a less population due to them being killed off for food. |
Analyze how the function and institutions of governments have changed over time?
Rome was once a fully democratic senate with only an emperor coming in power for 6 months if there is chaos. When an emperor was appointed power, he gave himself unlimited power and he got rid of the senate. In Persia, the government was a stable and fair emperor system that did not change much over time besides giving men more rights. |
Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production?
In both Persia and Rome, agrarian and pastoral allowed for state formation because it gave a reason for people to stay in one area, allowed the empire to do specialization in areas, and allowed for a rapid income into the main government so that they could add on to their cities in their own areas for state formation. Similarly, mercantile and industrial production increase the amount of expansion they could do because it brought new people into the main cities, it gave the empires more tools to use in battle, and it gave the empire more money that could be used on military supplies. |
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors state formation, expansion, and dissolution?
Since the Persian and the South Roman empire were in the same area, the Mediterranean sea to the north and the rivers to the south allowed for ports to be built which increased the individual states (or sections) wealth overall. In Persia, the peace and fair social space the first emperors set up in the beginning as well as the not thought provoking and easy to understand religion of Zoroastrianism allowed for people to want for the empire to expand into their land and become one of them. In Rome, they used the bible towards the latter half of the empire cultural to make the violent things they were doing to other peaceful empires seem reasonable. This made expansion increase as many soldiers, if they were not forced, thought that they were doing the right thing, and other empires/groups (within the empire or an outsider) started to chime in to help Rome when it was falling because they wanted to help and empire that supported god. |
Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies?Rome had many states at the beginning had an ideal order with successful trade and a mix of pastoral and agricultural societies. When it all fell apart to one emperor in charge with no states, less effort and work was put into making the people happy as well as developing the cities as a whole, leading to the downfall of the empire and the start of the civil war. In Persia, the non-state empire was a success at first because they focused on peaceful recruiting people into their empire as well as making massive buildings that any common man could use.
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Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution?
In 452 CE, the Huns attack 70 cities of the roman empire in its normal borders, leading to its dissolution. Before that, the Punic wars were seen as an excuse for expansion, but when Julius Caesar wins against Rome the state are eliminated as he becomes a dictator for life. In Persia, they are no external invaders until they try to take over Greece in which their increase in expansion falls as they dissolution into nothing due to them losing over and over again and the takeover by Greece. |
Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies?
Even though the punishment for crimes was very severe in Persia (often leading to death or exile), the legal systems was only a little bias to men as a whole. Wealthy men in high positions though were rarely seen with this punishment as they were seen as valuable. In Rome, the sustained legal systems that was done by the plentiful army they had at their disposal. They put low class and women more on trial more often because they were seen as disposable and not as worthy as high class men. |
Emergence of inter-regional network of communication and exchange
I. Land and water routes became the basis for inter-regional trade, communication, and exchange networks in the Eastern Hemisphere
Explain the environmental advantages and disadvantages of major migration, communication, and exchange networks
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II. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time
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III. Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals and disease pathogens developed across extensive networks of communication and exchange.
Explain and compare social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
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Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture
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Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
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