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KC 4.1
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KC 4.2
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KC 4.3
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Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
I. In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional patterns of trade that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution
When nations trade with each other they help to establish both official and non-official alliances. Nations who forfeit the opportunity to establish trade relations are subject to a collapsing economy if they can't manage to get the necessary goods themselves.
When nations trade with each other they help to establish both official and non-official alliances. Nations who forfeit the opportunity to establish trade relations are subject to a collapsing economy if they can't manage to get the necessary goods themselves.
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires.
Some nations chose to allow trade between nations and benefit from the introduction of new goods and the economic stimulation from trade while others decided to maintain relative isolation when it comes to trade. The Gunpowder Empires chose to trade, benefiting greatly from the silk trade routes already established.
Some nations chose to allow trade between nations and benefit from the introduction of new goods and the economic stimulation from trade while others decided to maintain relative isolation when it comes to trade. The Gunpowder Empires chose to trade, benefiting greatly from the silk trade routes already established.
.Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time.
Trade continues to grow more and more within and outside of the Gunpowder Empires, especially along the silk road.
Trade continues to grow more and more within and outside of the Gunpowder Empires, especially along the silk road.
Analyze how international economic institutions, regional trade agreements, and corporations - both local and multinational - have interacted with state economic authority.
The Gunpowder Empires, for the most part, have strong leaders that rule the entire empire with the help of advisers.
The Gunpowder Empires, for the most part, have strong leaders that rule the entire empire with the help of advisers.
II. European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and current patterns - all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.
Explain the environmental advantages and disadvantages of major migration, communication, and exchange networks.
The Mediterranean Ocean gave the Ottomans a major advantage when it comes to trade with the west and the Mughals could utilize the lucrative Indian Ocean trade. the Safavids made use of the already established Silk Road for trade.
The Mediterranean Ocean gave the Ottomans a major advantage when it comes to trade with the west and the Mughals could utilize the lucrative Indian Ocean trade. the Safavids made use of the already established Silk Road for trade.
Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time.
The Silk Road was modernized a bit by the Ottomans and Safavids which was extremely useful in increasing trade and communication while shipbuilding improved facilitating an increase overseas trade.
The Silk Road was modernized a bit by the Ottomans and Safavids which was extremely useful in increasing trade and communication while shipbuilding improved facilitating an increase overseas trade.
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge.
As the West advanced more technologically the Gunpowder Empires slowly adopted some of their ideas and inventions through interactions during trade.
As the West advanced more technologically the Gunpowder Empires slowly adopted some of their ideas and inventions through interactions during trade.
Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies.
Trade was a valuable asset for the Gunpowder Empires and traders and travelers were common along the silk road in the Ottoman and Safavid empire. The Mughal traders in the Indian Ocean trade were also very useful in the development of their economy while pastoralists helped to grow the niche products that they could sell to foreigners or among themselves.
Trade was a valuable asset for the Gunpowder Empires and traders and travelers were common along the silk road in the Ottoman and Safavid empire. The Mughal traders in the Indian Ocean trade were also very useful in the development of their economy while pastoralists helped to grow the niche products that they could sell to foreigners or among themselves.
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time.
As bigger, sturdier ships are built ocean trade in the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans increase and the Silk Road continues to be a major land trade route.
As bigger, sturdier ships are built ocean trade in the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans increase and the Silk Road continues to be a major land trade route.
III. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period.
Explain the environment advantages and disadvantages of major migration, communication, and exchange networks.
Increased communication and exchange networks lead to a stimulation of the economy in an influx of useful foreign goods but open up a great possibility for conflict and abuse. Major migration leads to exploration of new resources and lands but also risks the dissolving of states and populations.
Increased communication and exchange networks lead to a stimulation of the economy in an influx of useful foreign goods but open up a great possibility for conflict and abuse. Major migration leads to exploration of new resources and lands but also risks the dissolving of states and populations.
Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time.
The Silk Road and trade ports along the Indian Ocean enabled trade along far distances that were previously not viable.
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge.
Along the Silk road, Mediterranean Ocean, and the Indian Ocean Trade new ideas and technologies were traded along with traditional goods.
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires.
The Gunpowder empires were mostly fueled financially through the results of wars they won and also through trade.
The Gunpowder empires were mostly fueled financially through the results of wars they won and also through trade.
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time.
European ships flooded to the Indian Ocean trade which led to a greater market base and the growth of the trade. Also, the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea trade with the Ottomans increases as well.
European ships flooded to the Indian Ocean trade which led to a greater market base and the growth of the trade. Also, the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea trade with the Ottomans increases as well.
Analyze how international economic institutions, regional trade agreements, and corporations - both local and multinational - have interacted with state economic authority.
There was little state funded trade within the Gunpowder Empires however local merchants and traders would make use of the trade opportunities presented to them.
There was little state funded trade within the Gunpowder Empires however local merchants and traders would make use of the trade opportunities presented to them.
IV. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal-chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by shipping services developed by European merchants.
Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production.
Agrarian, pastoral, and mercantile economic organizations lead to strong, central gunpowder empire political formations while industrial production lead to an increased want for warfare.
Agrarian, pastoral, and mercantile economic organizations lead to strong, central gunpowder empire political formations while industrial production lead to an increased want for warfare.
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution.
Religion gave another reason for the development of strong rulers who head each gunpowder empire. Especially when it comes to the Safavid, since Shah Ismail claimed divine authority.
Asses how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution.
Commercial exchanges provided funds to help develop infrastructure and support technological and architectural advancements.
Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and empires
The Gunpowder Empires had positive economic interactions both to the west and the east through trade while they stayed somewhat politically isolated.
Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
Specialized labor became a useful form of labor distribution throughout the Gunpowder Empires as it made it easier for individuals to work on specific tasks and become talented at that task.
Explain and compare the causes and effects of different forms of coerced labor systems
A need for raw labor led to indentured servants and slaves within the Gunpowder Empires. This led to an increase in the workforce but also revolts down the line.
Explain and compare the ways in which economic philosophies influenced economic policies and behaviors
Some of the Gunpowder Empires brought in bureaucrats from other nations through war or negotiation and they helped maintained the economic organization of the nations.
Explain how the development of financial instruments and techniques facilitated economic exchanges
Government bureaucracies collected taxes which were crucial to maintaining government operation.
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time
The Silk Road was the major network of exchange for the Ottomans and Safavids while the Indian Ocean Trade became the network of exchange for the Mughals. These networks slowly grew over time.
Analyze how international economic institutions, regional trade agreements and corporations - both local and multinational - have interacted with the development of social hierarchies.
Social Hierarchies were determine by birthright and by religious institutions while successful merchants were also afforded high social ranks.
Analyze the ways in which colonization, nationalism, and independence movements have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
The Celali Revolts in the Ottoman Empire changed the class and political structure of the Ottomans.
Analyze the extent to which migrations changed social structures in both sending and receiving societies
The Gunpowder Empires were fueled intellectually by domestic intellects and by foreign aristocrats. Also, some citizens would travel to the west for educational advancement and then return.
V. The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange
Explain how human migrations affected the environment.
Human migration led to the advancement of migration routes that connect between nations. This leads to the destruction of wildlife in between the path.
Assess the causes and effects of the spread of new foods and agricultural techniques.
The increase in trade caused the introduction of new foods to the Middle East and North Africa and, as an effect, the Gunpowder Empires incorporated some of these foods into their daily diet.
Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production.
Agrarian, pastoral, and mercantile economic organizations lead to an increase in the population of the Gunpowder Empires and industrial production leads to increased warfare between nations.
Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture
Foraging allows for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables that grow further away from the borders of the empire but is more dangerous since it strays from the strong center of the empire. Pastoralism and agriculture provide agricultural products domestically and pose less of a risk but are heavily subject to strong weather conditions.
Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
Labor specialization allows for greater production of quality goods since singular individuals or groups of individuals are able to work on producing a single product or line of products. Family labor allows for the inheritance of business after the previous owner dies instead of the destruction of the business.
Analyze the role of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
Pastoralists, traders, and travelers all diffuse crops, animals, commodities, and technologies through trade and communication. This cultural diffusion usually provides a benefit to both nations.
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time
The silk road, Mediterranean ocean trade, and Indian ocean trade were all advanced and continued by the Gunpowder empires and expanded a bit more.
Assess how the development of specialization of labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies
Social hierarchies also designated the jobs that those of that class could perform, especially seen through the caste system. Jobs that are seen as "dirty" are typically designated to lower classes while jobs that are seen as more important are given to those of higher classes.
Analyze the ways in which colonialism, nationalism, and independence movements have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
Colonialism, nationalism , and independence movements helped to create the gender, class, and racial ideologies of the citizens of each empire. With each rebellion and the subsequent change in power, the ideology of the people changes too.
Analyze the extent to which migrations changed social structures in both the sending and receiving societies
Migration provides a greater amount of cultural diffusion and was determined somewhat by the social class of the individual. The structure of social classes changed as a result of this.
VI The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices
Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
The increasing communication between nations led to an increase in religious tension and a goal of individuals spreading their religiosu beliefs to others.
Explain how environmental factors influenced human migrations and settlements
Flooding and earthquakes have pushed people away from coasts and faults to areas that are less likely to be hit by natural disasters.
Explain how human migrations affected the environment
Human migration led to the building and continuation of migration routes that connect between nations. This leads to the destruction of wildlife in between the migration path.
Analyze the relationship between belief systems and economic systems
Belief systems can usually guide the economic systems of a nation. The Gunpowder Empires had no problems with trade so their economies became bases around it.
VII As merchants' profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased along with an expansion of literacy
Explain how economic, religious, and political elites defined and sponsored art and architecture
Impressive religious architecture and art were largely important in the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal Empires as it looked good on their religion. Muslim art couldn't depict human figures.
Explain the relationship between expanding exchange networks and the emergence of various forms of trans-regional culture, including music, literature, and visual art.
With the expansion of trade networks and communication new cultural landmarks are spread too in the form of music, literature, and visual arts.
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance
Most of the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires had strong leaders; however some were more tolerant of other religions and people than others.
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution
When nations trade with each other they help to establish both alliances. Nations who choose not to trade are subject to a flimsy economy, especially if they can't manage to get the goods they need by themselves.
New forms of social organization and modes of production
I. Beginning in the 14th century, there was a decrease in mean temperatures, often referred to as the Little Ice Age, around the world that lasted until the 19th century, contributing to change in agricultural practices and the contraction of settlement in parts of the Northern Hemisphere
Explain how environmental factors influenced human migrations and settlements
The Little Ice Age, which played a crucial role in how humans migrated and settled during this time period, was when Europe and North America were subjected to much colder winters, when the Europeans were expanding through various forms of trade.
Assess the demographic causes and effects of the spread of new foods and agricultural techniques
During this time period, there was increased agricultural production and forced labor regimes, which consequently helped the spread of new food and agricultural techniques.
During this time period, there was increased agricultural production and forced labor regimes, which consequently helped the spread of new food and agricultural techniques.
Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture
There were several changes in the labor for agriculture which eventually resulted in the economic levels of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture.
II. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution
These commercial exchanges greatly influenced the colonial empires, which ultimately influenced the process of various things, expansion being a major example.
These commercial exchanges greatly influenced the colonial empires, which ultimately influenced the process of various things, expansion being a major example.
Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture.
Plantations during this era played a crucial role in the agriculture of the peasants, as this consequently resulted in the increased demand for labor.
Plantations during this era played a crucial role in the agriculture of the peasants, as this consequently resulted in the increased demand for labor.
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires
The different types of states and empires incorporated new political and economical elites which furthermore enhanced their economic strategies.
The different types of states and empires incorporated new political and economical elites which furthermore enhanced their economic strategies.
Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
Within the various societies, coerced labor was a major form of the labor organizations, as the people would fear the strict consequences if the mission they were assigned was not achieved, or if they did tried to go against anybody.
Within the various societies, coerced labor was a major form of the labor organizations, as the people would fear the strict consequences if the mission they were assigned was not achieved, or if they did tried to go against anybody.
Explain and compare the causes and effects of different forms of coerced labor systems
The slavery which was occurring in Africa was through coerced labor, in which the elites were able to control the labor systems through their immense power over the slaves.
The slavery which was occurring in Africa was through coerced labor, in which the elites were able to control the labor systems through their immense power over the slaves.
Analyze the roles of pastoralist, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
Pastoralists, traders, and travelers had to play a crucial role in the diffusion of the plantation crops, as this helped people attain things they weren't able to obtain before, which enhanced essentially everything in the future.
Pastoralists, traders, and travelers had to play a crucial role in the diffusion of the plantation crops, as this helped people attain things they weren't able to obtain before, which enhanced essentially everything in the future.
Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies
The development of specialized labor systems helped enhance the demand for labor, which flew almost exponentially during this time period, and this development of social hierarchies was directly correlated to the elites of the community.
The development of specialized labor systems helped enhance the demand for labor, which flew almost exponentially during this time period, and this development of social hierarchies was directly correlated to the elites of the community.
Analyze the ways in which colonialism, nationalism, and independence movements have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
These various types of moments essentially resulted in the increased demand of labor, and also affected the amount of control the elites contained in the area of labor within the community.
These various types of moments essentially resulted in the increased demand of labor, and also affected the amount of control the elites contained in the area of labor within the community.
Analyze the extent to which migrations changed social structures in both the sending and receiving societies
These migrations were very crucial in how the social structures within the societies altered, as they greatly impacted the Atlantic societies which were affected by slavery.
These migrations were very crucial in how the social structures within the societies altered, as they greatly impacted the Atlantic societies which were affected by slavery.
III. As social and political elites changed, they also restructured ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental; factors, influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
The new elites and hierarchies, both social and political, greatly influenced the the formation of the states, along with how they expanded and dissolute.
The new elites and hierarchies, both social and political, greatly influenced the the formation of the states, along with how they expanded and dissolute.
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires
The social and political elites which changed helped alter the economic strategies within the various states and empires.
The social and political elites which changed helped alter the economic strategies within the various states and empires.
Explain and compare the causes and effects of different forms of coerced labor systems
These forms of coerced labor systems in Africa gave the elites an advantage, as they could speak fear into the slaves, thus making them do what they want.
These forms of coerced labor systems in Africa gave the elites an advantage, as they could speak fear into the slaves, thus making them do what they want.
Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy
The change in economic and political structures greatly affected the gender hierarchies, as the females were given more opportunities with the help of these structures.
The change in economic and political structures greatly affected the gender hierarchies, as the females were given more opportunities with the help of these structures.
Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies
These labor systems resulted in the increased production for labor, and this helped the elites, thus creating social hierarchies, which were a crucial part of these colonies.
These labor systems resulted in the increased production for labor, and this helped the elites, thus creating social hierarchies, which were a crucial part of these colonies.
Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
The hierarchies were reassembled, which was one factor in how the legal systems in the industry affected class, gender, and racial ideologies.
The hierarchies were reassembled, which was one factor in how the legal systems in the industry affected class, gender, and racial ideologies.
Analyze the ways in which colonialism, nationalism, and independence movements have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
Colonialism. nationalism. and independence movements actually challenged the class, as there was increased production of labor at the time, which therefore gave more value to the slaves. The elites also had control of the labor in the colonies, giving them lots of power as well.
Colonialism. nationalism. and independence movements actually challenged the class, as there was increased production of labor at the time, which therefore gave more value to the slaves. The elites also had control of the labor in the colonies, giving them lots of power as well.
State consolidation and imperial expansion
I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power
Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems, affected political, economic, and social institutions.
Many Gunpowder Empires had leaders who had some sort of divine right for ruling. This gave them relatively uncontested positions of power.
Explain how economic, religious, and political elites defined and sponsored art and architecture.
Impressive religious art and architecture was important in the Gunpowder Empires as it looked good on their religion. Muslim art couldn't depict human figures.
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance.
Almost all of the Gunpowder Empires had strong leaders; however some were more tolerant of other religions and people and others were less tolerant.
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance.
Almost all of the Gunpowder Empires had strong leaders; however some were more tolerant of other religions and people and others were less tolerant.
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time.
The government institutions of the Gunpowder Empire were largely facilitated by foreign bureaucrats and were less stressed than the government institutions of the West.
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental; factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution.
The Mediterranean and Indian Ocean and the already established Silk Road help facilitate the Growth of the Gunpowder Empires through trade, and the borders of the Ottomans Safavids and Mughals lead to conflicts with surrounding empires.
Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time
Cities were a place where people, goods, and ideas conglomerated within empires. They were very impressive within the ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires.
Assess how and why internal conflicts, such as revolts and revolutions, have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution.
Revolt and conflict are what spawned the Gunpowder Empires and they helped to fine tune and establish the government institutions and social classes within these Empires.
Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors.
Most trade was on a local level and there was little interaction between central government action and the actions of traders and merchants.
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires.
The economies of the Gunpowder Empires were fueled by trade and warfare.
Analyze the relationship between belief systems and economic systems.
The religions and religious institutions of the Gunpowder Empires had no qualms with trade and many Empires encouraged trade on a local level.
Assess the impact that different ideologies, philosophies, and religions had on social hierarchies.
The caste system was a strong factor in the social hierarchy of the Mughals while religious positions provided distinctions between classes in the Safavid and Ottoman empires.
Analyze ways in which religious beliefs and practices have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies.
Most of the Gunpowder Empires under most rulers were intolerant of other races, classes, and especially of the other gender. Civil wars between ethnicity that differed from the majority of the empire were common and other classes were discriminated while women were provided few rights.
Analyze the ways in which colonialism, nationalism, and independence movements have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies.
Colonialism, nationalism , and independence movements helped to form the class, gender, and racial ideologies of the people of each empire. With the start of a new revolution and the change in power from one leader to another, the ideology of the people changed along with it.
II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres
Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time.
Through the construction and advancement of trade routes and sea ports, the networks between nations became even more safe and reliable than ever before.
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different types of governance
Most Gunpowder Empire rulers had a lot of power and there was a lot less local governance. Some rulers, like Shah Abbas of the Safavid empire held almost complete power over their empire.
Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production.
Agrarian, pastoral and mercantile economic organization facilitated a growing population and allowed for the growth of the empire. Industrial production led to increase warfare and quality of life.
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
The Mediterranean ocean, Indian Ocean, and Silk Road helped to develop the Gunpowder Empires through trade. The Ottoman border to the west and the borders between the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires led to conflict.
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution.
The state building of the Gunpowder Empires were fueled primarily through warfare but also through commercial exchanged along trade routes and ports.
The state building of the Gunpowder Empires were fueled primarily through warfare but also through commercial exchanged along trade routes and ports.
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires
Most Gunpowder Empires rely of warfare to fuel their economics and trade along trade routes. The Mughals utilized the Indian ocean trade and the Safavids and Ottomans utilized the Silk Road
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time.
The Safavids and Ottomans helped reinforce the Silk Road while the Mughals helped continue and participate in the Indian Ocean trade.
III. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time.
The governmental institutions of the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empire were largely assisted by foreign bureaucrats and were less focused than the government institutions of the West.
Analyze how state formation, and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production
Agrarian, pastoral, and mercantile economic organizations lead to strong, central gunpowder empire political formations while industrial production lead to an increased want for warfare.
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
The Mediterranean ocean, Indian Ocean, and Silk Road helped to develop the Gunpowder Empires through trade. The Ottoman border to the west and the borders between the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires led to conflict.
Assess how and why internal conflicts, such as revolts and revolutions, have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution
Revolts and conflicts are what created the Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman Empires and they helped to shape and establish the government institutions and social classes within these Empires.
Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution
The state building of the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid Empires were funded mostly through warfare but also through commercial exchanges through trade routes and ports.
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution
The state building of the Gunpowder Empires were fueled primarily through warfare but also through commercial exchanged along trade routes and ports.
Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors
Most trade was on a local level and there was little interaction between central government action and the actions of traders and merchants.