I. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preached revolution and rebellions against existing governments.
Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
Religious beliefs at this time were generally the same as the ones established during the Post-Classical and Early Modern eras, and were not significantly impacted by the Enlightenment in Europe. Islam was prevalent in the Middle East and north Africa, but Christian traders and colonizers attempted to spread Christianity as well.
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Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
Revolutionary ideologies spread through trade and other forms of communication from the Enlightenment movement in Europe to the Middle East and Africa. These ideas developed and unsettled people in some areas which led to anti-government sentiments, while in other areas, they did not have as much of an influence.
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Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions
Analyze how new scientific, technological, and medical innovation affected religions, belief systems, philosophies, and major ideologies
New scientific and technological innovations were given different treatment depending on how they lined up with the beliefs in the region. Innovations that made trade and gaining profit easier were taken in with open arms, but medical procedures that involved new medication or scientific models like evolution were rejected in the name of religion.
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Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
States such as the northern African states and many Middle Eastern ones were built and expanded based on the riches and resources that were available in the environment. Empires like the Ottomans, however, fell at the hands of revolutions due to cultural differences in their lands and social imbalances that became far too large.
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Assess how and why internal conflicts, such as revolts and revolutions, have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution
Analyze the causes and effects of labor reform movements, including the abolition of slavery
Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy
As cultural shifts occurred in the Middle Eastern societies, the task of bringing home wealth and physical labor was exclusively put on males, and females usually took care of chores around the house. Gender revolutions did not take place much in the Middle East and north Africa in this time period with much success.
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Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies
The lower and middle class were generally used as producers of goods (ex: in factories), while the upper classes sold and traded these same goods in order to gain and further their wealth. Slave revolutions and revolutions against Europeans occurred in Africa, but other than the Ottoman Empire, not as much occurred in the Middle East.
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Analyze the extent to which philosophies, medical practices, and scientific theories sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
Analyze the ways in which colonialism, nationalism, and independence movements have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies.
Colonialist, nationalist, and independence movements challenged the class and racial ideologies that were in place. Colonialist and independence movements from north Africans from Europeans attempted to fight the racism and oppression that they endured, and attempts to close the class gap in the Ottoman Empire occurred when it fell.
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II. Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements
Explain how major philosophies and ideologies impacted revolutionary movements
Differing western ideologies and thoughts resulted in political unrest in the Middle East and North Africa, which can be seen by the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire. Northern African states also periodically revolted to their European colonizers with generally little success until the 20th century.
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Analyze the ways in which secular and religious belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions
Analyze the impact that revolutionary activities sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
Revolutionary activities generally challenged social and racial ideologies, as the lower class wanted to close the gulf between them and the upper class, and the racial divide between Africans, Europeans, and Arabs grew. In this time period, gender ideologies remained generally the same, with slight but generally ineffective revolutions.
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III. The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities
Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
New ideologies spread through trade and other forms of communication from Europe to the Middle East and Africa. These ideas developed and changed the views of people in some areas which led to sentiments that were not considered before, while in other places, they did not have as much of an influence.
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Explain and compare how teachings and social practices of different religious and secular belief systems affected gender roles and family structure
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
States such as the northern African states and many Middle Eastern ones were built based on the riches and resources that were available in the environment, and continued to grow as western influences increased. Empires like the Ottomans, however, fell at the hands of revolutions due to cultural differences in their lands and social imbalances that became far too large.
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Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution
External influences, such as those in Europe with superior weaponry and sway, could back and expand states as they saw fit, may it be through colonization or "sponsorship". They could, however, also lead to dissolution of states, as they could plot and act against them, as seen by fact that the Ottoman Empire was ultimately ended by the Allies in World War I.
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Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy
As cultural shifts occurred in the Middle Eastern societies, the task of bringing home wealth and physical labor was exclusively put on males, and females usually took care of chores around the house. Gender revolutions did not take place much in the Middle East and north Africa in this time period with much success.
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Assess the impact that different ideologies, philosophies, and religions had on social hierarchies
The main religion in the Middle East and north Africa promoted equality between people, meaning that initially, social hierarchies were non-existent. However, as the population and wealth grew and new European ideologies were introduced, a lower, middle, and upper class were eventually created in these societies.
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Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
Legal systems sustained much of the gender, class, and racial ideologies present in the Middle East and North Africa, as lower class males, often Africans, were given unappealing tasks that no others wanted to complete. Slavery was also allowed until later in the 20th century, further cementing these morals.
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