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KC 3.1
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KC 3.2
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KC 3.3
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Expansion and Intensification of communication and exchange networks
I.
Explain the environmental advantages and disadvantages of major migration, communication, and exchange networks
Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade routes
Explain the environmental advantages and disadvantages of major migration, communication, and exchange networks
Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade routes
Assess the demographic causes and effects of the spread of new foods and agricultural techniques
The greater the communication and trade between societies usually benefits both nations, however, the more connected lands are the more likely it is for invasion and expansion to occur. Environmental conditions like rivers benefit trade and communication while things like mountains, deserts, and valleys don't help to facilitate trade.
The greater the communication and trade between societies usually benefits both nations, however, the more connected lands are the more likely it is for invasion and expansion to occur. Environmental conditions like rivers benefit trade and communication while things like mountains, deserts, and valleys don't help to facilitate trade.
Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time
Technologies such as the saddle helped to facilitate trade and communication between nations, especially in North Africa and the Middle East. Camels were now a reliable and sturdy way to travel long distances with goods.
Technologies such as the saddle helped to facilitate trade and communication between nations, especially in North Africa and the Middle East. Camels were now a reliable and sturdy way to travel long distances with goods.
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge
Islam during the Post-Classical era was a huge source of mathematical and scientific knowledge. Their teachings spread all throughout the world during trade or expansion.
Islam during the Post-Classical era was a huge source of mathematical and scientific knowledge. Their teachings spread all throughout the world during trade or expansion.
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance
Many rulers during this time continued to use religion to prove political legitimacy and most of the societies in the Middle East and North Africa were Islamic and either theocracies, or included Islamic law in their government.
Many rulers during this time continued to use religion to prove political legitimacy and most of the societies in the Middle East and North Africa were Islamic and either theocracies, or included Islamic law in their government.
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time
Government served to give order to day to day life and provide stability and security. During this time, expansion was the main goal of many of these Islamic empires.
Government served to give order to day to day life and provide stability and security. During this time, expansion was the main goal of many of these Islamic empires.
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
Islam was the major justification for expansion and they were very successful at that. The Middle East and North Africa had a lot of resources to begin with, and in the Middle East there were few geographic boundaries that prevented expansion.
Islam was the major justification for expansion and they were very successful at that. The Middle East and North Africa had a lot of resources to begin with, and in the Middle East there were few geographic boundaries that prevented expansion.
Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time
Cities really functioned as CBD's, central business districts for native people and traders from other reasons. Also, it gave a region of dense homes.
Cities really functioned as CBD's, central business districts for native people and traders from other reasons. Also, it gave a region of dense homes.
Assess the relationships between the states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies
Agricultural societies that had more centralized governments were stronger militarily, like the Islamic empire in the Middle East, so they were largely successful as opposed to the pastoralist, less centralized governments.
Agricultural societies that had more centralized governments were stronger militarily, like the Islamic empire in the Middle East, so they were largely successful as opposed to the pastoralist, less centralized governments.
Analyze the economic role of cities as centers of production and commerce
Islamic trade was extremely vast and influential throughout the world. There were a variety of trade centers in the Islamic empire.
Islamic trade was extremely vast and influential throughout the world. There were a variety of trade centers in the Islamic empire.
Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
The Islamic empire was patriarchal, so women rarely worked. Men were the ones who worked, and specialization was extremely common and most men specialized in something.
The Islamic empire was patriarchal, so women rarely worked. Men were the ones who worked, and specialization was extremely common and most men specialized in something.
Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
Traders are really the backbone of the Islamic empire, stimulating the economy and bringing in new ideas and resources. Travelers also especially brought in new ideas and technologies through cultural diffusion, and pastoralists provided needed animal products for trade and surplus.
Traders are really the backbone of the Islamic empire, stimulating the economy and bringing in new ideas and resources. Travelers also especially brought in new ideas and technologies through cultural diffusion, and pastoralists provided needed animal products for trade and surplus.
Explain how the development of financial instruments and techniques facilitated economic exchanges
The standardization of currency throughout the Islamic empire facilitated easier trade between the empire, but was useless in regions that didn't accept the currency.
The standardization of currency throughout the Islamic empire facilitated easier trade between the empire, but was useless in regions that didn't accept the currency.
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time
Islamic trade networks were vast and extended from the Middle East/North Africa, and expanded outwards throughout Eurasia.
Islamic trade networks were vast and extended from the Middle East/North Africa, and expanded outwards throughout Eurasia.
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects
Explain the environmental advantages and disadvantages of major migration, communication, and exchange networks
The vast Islamic trade and communication networks were largely beneficial since it allowed for expansion and diffusion of ideas and religions, like Islam, and much needed resources.
The vast Islamic trade and communication networks were largely beneficial since it allowed for expansion and diffusion of ideas and religions, like Islam, and much needed resources.
Explain how human migrations affected the environment
The Islamic empire left behind vast civilizations in North Africa and the Middle East. This includes not only large buildings and structures, but artifacts and weapons too.
The Islamic empire left behind vast civilizations in North Africa and the Middle East. This includes not only large buildings and structures, but artifacts and weapons too.
Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time
The saddle was absolutely key in facilitating trade throughout the Islamic empire and between other civilizations. It allowed for more goods to be transported over longer distances, and was relatively affordable.
The saddle was absolutely key in facilitating trade throughout the Islamic empire and between other civilizations. It allowed for more goods to be transported over longer distances, and was relatively affordable.
Explain how cross-cultural interaction resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge
Islamic mathematics and science was extremely innovative and important. These ideas spread throughout the world through literature and trade.
Islamic mathematics and science was extremely innovative and important. These ideas spread throughout the world through literature and trade.
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
North Africa had very few geographic boundaries that prevented trade, besides the relatively congested straight that connected it to Eurasia. The Middle East was also very connected and had very few geographic boundaries that would harm trade.
North Africa had very few geographic boundaries that prevented trade, besides the relatively congested straight that connected it to Eurasia. The Middle East was also very connected and had very few geographic boundaries that would harm trade.
III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication
Compare the origins, principal beliefs, and practices of the major world religions and belief systems
Islam and Christianity were the dominant Middle Eastern post-classical religions, and they were both monotheistic salvation religions who believed in a moral code of good and evil as well as an afterlife. Both were strictly monotheistic and built many temples over a large area to spread their beliefs to other regions. Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks As networks expanded, more people were able to interact and religions were able to spread their influence to more people, and were able to pick up aspects of other religions and make them their own. Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks Expanding communication and exchange networks brought people with different philosophies and ideologies together, and as a result people tried to strengthen their own philosophies by spreading it to other people. Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions Religion had a powerful impact on political, economic, and social institutions in the middle east; Islam was the basis of an entire transcontinental empire. Most post-classical Middle Eastern and North African empires ruled under Sharia law, which comes from Islam. Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge As cultures interacted, they brought their technologies and knowledge with them and picked up other cultures. Analyze how new scientific, technological, and medical innovations affected religions, belief systems, philosophies, and major ideologies As the people learned more about how the natural world worked, religions, belief systems, philosophies, and major ideologies had to adapt in order to remain believable. Explain how economic, religious, and political elites defined and sponsored art and architecture Much architecture of the post-classical Middle East were religious, such as mosques and madrasas, and the political leaders also built monuments. Islamic religion also influenced art since it was forbidden by the Quran to depict animate objects, or things with souls. Explain the relationship between expanding exchange networks and the emergence of various forms of trans-regional culture, including music, literature, and visual art As exchange networks expanded, culture became increasingly trans-regional due to the interactions of different cultures. Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution The Islamic state formed and expanded as a result of the Muslim culture and many environmental factors led the Muslims to certain regions, as well as strengthened the natives of those regions both economically and socially. Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution Because different regions have different assets, they each had some things that they wanted from each other, and states were built, expanded, and conquered to get these resources. Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors Non-states were frequently targets and raiders of states, but states dominated politically and economically. Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies Pastoralists, traders, and travelers spread cultures, technologies, and crops/animals across state borders by selling them off or simply showing them to people of foreign lands. Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time Networks of exchange have expanded as empires grew and spread their reach of influence. Assess the impact that different ideologies, philosophies, and religions had on social hierarchies Religions, Islam in particularly, were practically the foundation of the social hierarchies in the post-classical middle east. Arab Muslims were seen as a higher race and non-Muslims were at the bottom of the social ladder. Analyze ways in which religious beliefs and practices have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies Muslim beliefs strengthened class, racial, and gender ideologies by putting male, Arab, Muslims on a pedestal above other humans and by supporting patriarchal social structures in the post-classical era. Analyze the extent to which migrations changed social structures in both the sending and receiving societies Both sending and receiving countries of migrants underwent massive cultural diffusion and new ideas could sometimes rise to prominence, reshaping the social structure. |
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, including epidemic diseases like the bubonic plague, throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes
Explain how human migrations affected the environment
As people migrated, they destroyed the environment around them to make it more suitable to live in and built cities and buildings to replace them. Assess the causes and effects of the spread of epidemic diseases over time An epidemic can spread by travelers and traders, bringing in germs from other regions that people haven’t adapted to. Assess the democratic causes and effects of the spread of new foods and agricultural techniques The expansion of trade routes introduced people to other cultures foods and agricultural techniques that culturally diffused into the people’s daily lives. As a result, however, diseases from other regions would infect people and, since they’ve never experienced these specific diseases, they would kill and spread quickly. Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies As pastoralists, traders, and travelers moved from one region to another, they brought their region’s cultural, technological, and material items and traditions with them to foreign lands. Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time Over time, networks of exchange expanded for the most part as empires grew and expanded both in terms of economy and territory; however, the destruction of diseases like the black death slowed and closed off some trade routes. |
Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged
Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks?
3.2.1.1- The Islam belief system started in one condensed area on the Arabian Peninsula. It was able to spread by missionaries that went from town to town telling people about this new religion, Muhammad and his successor Abu-Bakr going from town to town invading people, and travelers who ran into the religion while trading. |
Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions?
3.2.1.2- The religion of Islam was invoked all throughout the middle east by force. Throughout Islamic society, a person could only get in power if they were picked by a Muslim emperor and all the positions he would fill would just be people of the Islamic faith. Ports and small empires around the Muslim empire would convert to Islam because every person who is Muslim has to learn Arabic to read the Qur’an. |
Explain and compare how teachings and social practices of different religious and secular belief systems affected gender roles and family structures?
3.2.1.3- The teaching of the Quran in Mali and in the middle east made the man the dominant and have the most power in the household. Most women were not permitted to leave their own homes and they acted like they disappeared from existence. The early Byzantines still did not value women as much as they deserve like their roman counterparts, but they gave women the right to watch events and participate in society. |
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance?
The Byzantines tried to keep their land by building up a strong military to defend themselves but they were pushed out of the middle east and north Africa due to the Umayyad dynasty trying to spread its impact. The rulers of the Umayyad dynasty stays in power because it did allow people to practice other religions with a Jizza tax. The Abbasid are allowed to stay in power for a time because they do not value Arab muslims the best of the believers, they do not make any other country mad for invading them, and they treat everyone the same. The Ghana and Mali empires use the valuable trade routes and their wealth in gold to help them stay in power for a long time. |
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time?
The Ghana were once a small empire that had no defenses until they found that they were living above gold. They turned into a very rich empire that controlled that trade. Once they went to the Mali, the Islamic culture took a toll and women were reduced to nothing and the men’s end goal was only praising Allah. After that every Islamic empire became richer as they had access to the only main source of gold for an empire. |
Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production?
The Byzantines tried to use a combination of agrarian and pastoral societies in north Africa and in the middle east to use their main land as a military base. This allowed for the Umayyad to expand into their area due to the lack of force that was structured in the area. Mercantile and industrial production was most seen in the Ghana and Abbasid dynasty as they ended up trading good and natural resources with each other, which in turn made both stronger. |
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution?
In the Ghana, Mali, Abbasid, and Umayyad dynasties they were all connected by the Muslim cultures which made them help each other to expand. The Ghana dynasty used its environment to build the roads that they would tax people on for travelling which ended up being the start of slight state formation within the empire. The Byzantines did not socially invoke any fear into invading the south and south-east corner of the empire due to the lack of military there which led to the first step of the dissolution of the empire. |
Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time?
Cities in this region all grew in wealth compared to the rest of the world. In Ghana, the once poor empire was a booming empire with many huge cities overnight due to the gold-salt trade along with the taxed roads. The Umayyad and Abbasid controlled the rest of the land as they learn to appreciate other religions and that a Muslim has no choice in where it was born. This allowed the empire to focus more in the land it owns and not on forcing other people to follow Islam which improved the wealth of the empire. |
Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies?
The states of the Byzantine empire that seamed through North Africa and Middle east and the Abbasid/Umayyad dynasties both were pastoral and agricultural societies. The difference is the Byzantine was not the centralized and controlled, so the land was lost to the Umayyad. They did this by having all sections under the control of one person filled with diverse necessities. |
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution?
Exchanges in the Ghana to the Umayyad and the Mali to the Abbasid helped both sides set up states that allowed the leaders to control more land than before at once. This is because the gold and salt trade allowed for both empires to expand due to the constant stream of wealth that was pouring in. This also put a target on both of the empires as they got targeted and overthrown with a group with different ideals that turned out to be more successful. |
Analyze the political and economic interactions between states, and non-state actors?
The early Byzantines had weak interactions with its south states so it ended up losing almost all of its land by Umayyad forces until Greek fire was finally used near its main city. This is where the economics of the Abbasid and the Mali got right because they were able to balance safety and defense with the net income of the empire. The states were able to serve as mini nations as without it the emperors would have too much land to control by themselves. |
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires?
The Umayyad tried to invade a much land as possible as they wanted the most opportunities for money farms. On the other hand, the Abbasid tried to use that money to maintain the amount of land it had currently and build up its main cities, not requiring that non-muslims pay a yearly tax. Similarity, the Ghana/Mali built a trade route where people had to pay a tax to get to the biggest gold mine in the world, not requiring expansion. |
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time?
The Ghana extended their network of trade of time because the once poor and lost spiritually empire became one of the richest overnight by finding gold. The Mali further strengthened its bond with the Abbasid/Umayyad when they adapted Muslim as its main religion to tempt the Muslim empire to get supplies from them. The Umayyad extend their network when the drove the Byzantines out of their own land and kept networks with the Ghana and other African countries for a really long time. |
Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy?
Ever since Muhammad took over to the time of the Mali and Abbasid, their has been a severe patriarchy. Many leaders interpreted the Quran wrong as they thought that women serve men only but the reason they used is that men and women serve each other. |
Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies?
The societies of the Abbasid/Umayyad and the Ghana/Mali were very similar because they each followed the book of Qur'an. Higher class, besides the Umayyad whom valued Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula, and race were not factors of discrimination in the legal system. The only group that had any discrimination was women because many leaders decided to use the Quran as a faulty excuse for this action. |
II. Inter-regional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, including transfers between Tang China and the Abbasids, transfers across the Mongol empires, transfers during the crusades, and transfers during the Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge?
The Ghana and the Umayyad share many ideas with each other throughout the time of the trading. The Ghana share its fast use of iron making and efficient iron tools. The Umayyad spread their mathematical style of art while on the trade road that was built by the Ghana for taxes. |
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution?
In Umayyad/Abbasid, they allowed for anyone to practice their religion and this made it easier when Umayyad on the people when they were invading and let to them accepting it. The mutual agreement between the government and the people lead to state formation for the Abbasid due to the government had many supporters behind it that would fill up those roles. In Ghana it controlled almost all trade due to its environmental gold mine that it was living on top off. |
Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies?
The early Byzantines used to be pastoral and agricultural in the north Africa to middle east regions, but due to their disconnect from those states, they failed. A successful government with states was the Umayyad/Abbasid dynasty because they were able to get constant pay due to the salt to gold trade as well as they made each state complete with protection and a place to make resources/products. |
Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution?
The conflict of the Byzantines and the Umayyads led to the muslims taking over north Africa and the middle east. After this conflict, the Umayyads were quick to make this a state and make it follow its rules, so they did not lose it back to the Byzantines. |
Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies?
Pastoralist and agriculturalist in Umayyad/Abbasid would increase the diffusion of animals and crops around in the surrounding areas because he would trade them to a trader and this trader would show and give the plants and livestock to the people in Ghana for gold. Travelers on horseback would go to Ghana/Mali to share their mathematical art with the Ghana effective way of iron making and all of the creative weapons and tools that are made from it. |
Increased economic productive capacity and its consequences
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions
Evaluate the relative economic disadvantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture
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Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
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II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks
Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time
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Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution
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Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
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III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life
Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions
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Explain and compare how teachings and social practices of different religious and secular belief systems affected gender roles and family structures
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Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time
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Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies
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Assess how and why internal conflicts, such as revolts and revolutions, have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution
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Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
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