I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.
Analyze the environmental causes and effects of industrialization
Natural resources like oil in the Middle East and coal in Africa were extracted and used for the production of goods and facilities, often times destroying the surrounding environment and disrupting the ecosystem. Pollution was also widespread through the wastes produced by the new techniques, in the air, sea, and on the land.
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Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time
As a result of industrialization, cities like Baghdad, Istanbul/Constantinople, and Alexandria were now used as hubs to mass produce and trade goods, and had exponentially more people than before. Empires in the Middle East and North Africa lessened the pace of imperialization and instead opted to maximize their wealth, which sometimes led to their decline.
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Analyze the economic role of cities as centers of production and commerce
Analyze how technology shaped the processes of industrialization and globalization
Advancements in transportation technology on the sea and on land resulted in globalization, as goods could be transported from the relatively isolated Middle East further than ever before. Technology introduced from Europe led to the industrialization of the region, which consequently led to further advancements.
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Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
Industrialization led to the division of families and the lower class citizens being used to produce goods for little compensation. To extract ore and other specialties available in the region, these citizens that were being put to work would often be put in dangerous situations such as mines which had the potential to harm them.
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Explain and compare the ways in which economic philosophies influenced economic policies and behaviors
Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies
Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies
Specialized labor systems and industrialization resulted in a clear distinction between the social standings of various individuals. The lower and middle class were generally used as producers of goods (ex: in factories), while the upper classes sold and traded these same goods in order to gain and further their wealth.
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II. New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount of goods produced in their factories.
Analyze the environmental causes and effects of industrialization
Raw resources like oil and natural gas in the Middle East and gold in Africa were extracted and sold as markets developed for them, often times destroying the surrounding environment and disrupting the ecosystem. Pollution was also widespread through the wastes produced by the new techniques, in the air, sea, and on the land.
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Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge
Industrialization in northern Africa and the Middle East was a result of the cross-cultural interactions that spawned due to globalization. This is due to the fact that technologies from Europe spread to the region, as well as scientific advancements in fields such as medicine, astrology, and the likes.
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Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires
Analyze how technology shaped the processes of industrialization and globalization
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time
Due to the advancements in technology and production of goods, maritime trade was a much more popular method of trade in the region through the Mediterranean Sea and the African rivers. For trade on land, railroads started to be introduced in the late 19th century, but until then, caravans were a popular choice of transport.
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III. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions.
Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
Major financial ideologies spread through the sharing of ideas when participating in trade and the exchange of goods. Many of the philosophies that had an impact on the Middle East, such as socialism and capitalism, were birthed in Europe, and developed in accordance with religious and cultural beliefs.
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Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires
Depending on the ideologies of the states, financial institutions had different policies on how they operated. Christian states, particularly in North Africa, created banking and loan systems in which interest could be applied; however, Islamic states did not believe in interest and instead created special types of loans for Muslims.
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Analyze how technology shaped the processes of industrialization and globalization
Advancements in transportation technology on the sea and on land resulted in globalization, as goods could be transported from the relatively isolated Middle East further than ever before. This led to increased profits which could in turn allow the Middle Eastern and north African societies to keep up with the global economy.
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Explain and compare the ways in which economic philosophies influenced economic policies and behaviors
Economic philosophies such as socialism and Marxism led to government officials and dictators seizing power over the economy and controlling the price of goods. On the other hand, philosophies such as capitalism led to more freedom for the common people, as they could trade, buy, and sell goods as they pleased.
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Explain how the development of financial instruments and techniques facilitated economic exchanges
Analyze how international economic institutions, regional. trade agreements, and corporations - both local and multinational - have interacted with state economic authority
Trade agreements between countries in the Middle East and Europe led to increased wealth for both parties, with Middle Eastern authorities tightening their grip on the economy as more money trickled in. In Africa, Europeans instead gathered resources themselves through colonization and imperialism, leaving little for the natives and more for the European authorities.
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IV. There were major developments in transportation and communication, including railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and canals.
Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time
Advancements such as steamships and railroads made migrations much easier through the rugged terrain and various bodies of water of the region that impeded progress before. Devices like dams and medical establishments were also improved on to make the capacity of cities larger, allowing more people into the area than previously possible.
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Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time
Maritime trade was a much more popular method of trade in the region through bodies of water such as the Mediterranean Sea and the African rivers, with ships and canals being built for ease of access. For trade on land, caravans got larger and more protected until railroads started to be introduced in the late 19th century.
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V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.
Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
Major financial ideologies like capitalism spread through the sharing of ideas when participating in trade and the exchange of goods. Capitalism was birthed in Europe and culturally diffused to the Middle East and northern Africa, and its reception vastly differed based on the beliefs of the different cultures present in the region.
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Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
States such as the northern African states and many Middle Eastern ones were built and expanded based on the riches and resources that were available in the environment. Empires like the Ottomans, however, fell due to cultural differences in their lands and social imbalances that became far too large.
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Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution
Commercial exchanges as a result of the rise of capitalism led to the building and expansion of some states, as westernization and industrialization would sometimes lead to wealth and prosperity. However, it could also lead to dissolution of states; the Ottoman Empire could not deal with its internal tensions while attempting to prosper, weakening it immensely.
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Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires
Analyze the causes and effects of labor reform movements, including the abolition of slavery
Explain and compare the ways in which economic philosophies influenced economic policies and behaviors
Assess the impact that different ideologies, philosophies, and religions had on social hierarchies
Ideologies at the time were that the "darker" Africans were not as superior as the "lighter" Arabs, resulting in the higher class Arabs reducing the social class of the Africans to lowly workers. However, in the Middle East and northern Africa, Islam is also prevalent, which teaches that everyone is equal, leading to a sense of unity among the middle and lower classes.
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VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.
Explain how human migrations affected the environment
Analyze the environmental causes and effects of industrialization
Raw resources like oil and natural gas in the Middle East and gold in Africa were extracted and sold as markets developed for them, often times destroying the surrounding environment and disrupting the ecosystem. Pollution was also widespread through the wastes produced by the new techniques, in the air, sea, and on the land.
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Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution
States such as the northern African states and many Middle Eastern ones were built and expanded based on the riches and resources that were available in the environment. Empires like the Ottomans, however, fell due to cultural differences in their lands and social imbalances that became far too large.
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Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
Industrialization led to the division of families and the lower class citizens being used to produce goods for little compensation. To extract ore and other specialties available in the region, these citizens that were being put to work would often be put in dangerous situations such as mines which had the potential to harm them.
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Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy
Generally, with the introduction of industrialization and widespread trade, males were expected to bring home a paycheck while women would stay at home or take up less strenuous work. As cultural shifts occurred in the Middle Eastern societies, this task was exclusively put on males no matter what the job, and females usually took care of chores.
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Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies
Specialized labor systems and industrialization resulted in a clear distinction between the social standings of various individuals. The lower and middle class were generally used as producers of goods (ex: in factories), while the upper classes sold and traded these same goods in order to gain and further their wealth.
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Assess the impact that different ideologies, philosophies, and religions had on social hierarchies
Ideologies at the time were that the "darker" Africans were not as superior as the "lighter" Arabs, resulting in the Arabs reducing the social class of the Africans to lowly workers. However, in the Middle East and northern Africa, Islam is also prevalent, which teaches that everyone is equal, leading to a sense of unity among the middle and lower classes.
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