-
KC 1.1
-
KC 1.2
-
KC 1.3
<
>
Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth
I.
Archaeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunter-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions.
Archaeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunter-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions.
Explain how early humans used tools and technologies to establish communities
Paleolithic communities were based largely on foraging and their tools were made of stone and bone. They rarely had permanent homes because they chased their food.
Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time
Technological innovations such as warmer clothing that adapted according to environment and devices that assisted in the domestication of traveling animals led to greater travel through geographic barriers. Roads and ocean ports were also fundamental in overcoming geographic barriers.
Explain how environmental factors influenced human migrations and settlements
Paleolithic nomads traveled according to the animals they were chasing and according to temperature and environment extremes, meaning avoiding frigid cold temperatures and extremely hot temperatures.
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge
Density and compactness of different people was the major factor determining rate of cross cultural encounters. Closer villages were more likely to trade and communicate both goods and ideas.
Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture
Traders, as the name implies, allowed for the trade and diffusion of goods between same cultures and different cultures. Pastoralists allowed for the diffusion of sheep and crops to between same cultures and different cultures. Travelers allowed for the diffusion of ideas and basic commodities.
Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
Pastoralism: Pastoralism is beneficial in that it's relatively easy and it leads to the production of calorie dense animal products. The disadvantage is that it doesn't allow for settling down and doesn't produce crops like fruits and vegetables.
Foraging: Foraging is beneficial in that it is easier than farming and it's relatively egalitarian. It's not beneficial in that it doesn't result in surplus for trading and also doesn't allow for settling down.
Agriculture: Agriculture is beneficial in that it allows for great surplus which is good for trading and security and it allows for settling down. It's not beneficial in that it takes a lot of time and depends on the weather and it leads to social hierarchies.
The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture
I. Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of more complex economic and social systems
Explain how early humans used tools and technologies to establish communities
Neolithic communities were based on agriculture so they were able to settle down and build larger communities with the surplus of food they maintained. They were also able to build better weapons with better materials.
Neolithic communities were based on agriculture so they were able to settle down and build larger communities with the surplus of food they maintained. They were also able to build better weapons with better materials.
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time
Agricultural societies built large homes and tools that they left and hunted local animals. They had a pretty drastic effect on their environment since they built towns and villages. Hunter-foragers and pastoralists had very little effect on their environment besides hunting animals and collecting nuts and berries.
Agricultural societies built large homes and tools that they left and hunted local animals. They had a pretty drastic effect on their environment since they built towns and villages. Hunter-foragers and pastoralists had very little effect on their environment besides hunting animals and collecting nuts and berries.
Explain how human migrations affected the environment
As people settled down in North Africa and the Middle East they built communities. With these communities, deforestation occurred and the animal population dropped due to excessive hunting.
As people settled down in North Africa and the Middle East they built communities. With these communities, deforestation occurred and the animal population dropped due to excessive hunting.
Explain how human migrations affected the environment
As native North Africans and Middle Easterners traveled they built temporary settlements and hunted, leaving behind villages and settlements and decreasing/displacing native animal populations.
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance
Centralized governments tended to be more organized and militarily powerful and correlated with pastoral societies, for example Egypt. Decentralized governments tended to be less organized and less militarily powerful and usually correlated with agricultural society, for example, Mesopotamia.
Centralized governments tended to be more organized and militarily powerful and correlated with pastoral societies, for example Egypt. Decentralized governments tended to be less organized and less militarily powerful and usually correlated with agricultural society, for example, Mesopotamia.
Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture
Foraging tended to be a lot easier than agriculture but it rarely created necessary surpluses needed for population growth in these societies, while pastoralism produced a lot of calorie dense animal products, however it didn’t allow for the establishment of cities and villages. Agriculture allows for both surpluses and settling down, however, it is sometimes unsuccessful due to bad harvest.
Foraging tended to be a lot easier than agriculture but it rarely created necessary surpluses needed for population growth in these societies, while pastoralism produced a lot of calorie dense animal products, however it didn’t allow for the establishment of cities and villages. Agriculture allows for both surpluses and settling down, however, it is sometimes unsuccessful due to bad harvest.
Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
Pastoralists diffused mostly animals and sometimes ideas through cultural diffusion, while traders traded crops animals and ideas. Mesopotamia and Egypt had a successful trade relationship that facilitated the diffusion of wheat and other important commodities.
II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time
Settled agricultural societies changed the environment around them, cutting trees down and building towns, as well as changing the soil content. Hunter-forager and pastoralist groups would move their societies to follow their food sources (animals/plants), and they had to regulate their populations due to limited resources. Pastoralist societies also affected the environment as a byproduct of their animals’ natural processes; i.e. grazing and defecation affects soil content, feeding affects biodiversity of plants, etc. |
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance
Rulers in the neolithic era had a high concentration of food thanks to agriculture so they could engaged in trade and specialization since food was no longer as large of an issue, but walls and moats had to be built to keep intruders out. With specialization also came professional managers and priests who governed and organized the population, as well as expanding influence politically, militarily, and economically. |
Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies
States with centralized governments and agricultural societies such as Jericho amassed great wealth and a huge supply of food, but states without centralized governments would try to raid them. Centralized states also built temples and schools in nearby regions that spread their culture and traditions to states without governments. |
Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution
Raids by other humans led to walls and moats that defined borders, the construction of schools and temples in neighboring lands led to expansion, and marketplaces led to economic integration and cultural diffusion.
Raids by other humans led to walls and moats that defined borders, the construction of schools and temples in neighboring lands led to expansion, and marketplaces led to economic integration and cultural diffusion.
Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture
Agriculture had a huge economic advantage because it could produce a larger, more reliable, and regular supply of food for a society, however it was an immobile system; an agricultural society couldn’t just get up and leave whenever it wanted to. Foraging and pastoralist societies didn’t provide a consistent supply of food, but they both had the advantage and disadvantage of moving; on the one hand the were at least able to move whenever they needed to, but on the other hand they constantly had to move. Foraging was also heavily dependent on nature, so bad weather could destroy a population. |
Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies
Thanks to agriculture, people no longer had to focus all their efforts on getting food, so they could spend their time specializing in other things from pottery to metalworking to textiles; however, this led to a class system with those specializing in organization and culture/religion being placed at the top and farmers at the bottom. Thanks to specialization, people had opportunities to amass wealth and land, and many successful individuals passed their land and occupations on to their children. |
Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
As pastoralists, traders, and travelers moved from one region to another, they brought parts of the region they came from with them, both physically (with crops, diseases, technologies, livestock/animals, etc.) and culturally (with traditions, religions, ideas, science, etc.). Traders especially diffused their cultures, crops, technologies, and commodities whereas pastoralists mostly moved crops/animals and travelers mostly brought culture and traditions. |
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time
Over time, networks of exchange expanded for the most part as empires grew and expanded both in terms of economy and territory.
Over time, networks of exchange expanded for the most part as empires grew and expanded both in terms of economy and territory.
Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy
As agriculture became more prevalent, the patriarchal nature of the societies grew more intense and the gap between women and men grew wider. This is due to the fact that men had to do most of the labor and because women were now expected to produce more children to care for the land. |
Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies
As a result of specialized labor systems, individual people had the opportunity to earn wealth and land for themselves. As wealth was gathered and spent on land, jewelry, and decorations, as well as being shared among families, social hierarchies began defining themselves. |
III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
- Religious beliefs developed during times of chaos, meaning the people wanted answers for was what occurring such as flood stories. Religious beliefs spread because of cultural diffusion between merchants and travelers along trade networks.
- Many philosophies and ideologies were established in civilizations because of tradition or made by leaders. They spread the same as religion from merchants and travelers traveling to other civilizations.
- Religion usually controlled laws, economy and lifestyle in most civilizations. In secular civilizations were controlled by higher members of authority, giving them all the control over the laws and economics, an example being Hammurabi.
- As civilizations find one another and trade, it allows for cultural diffusion meaning what one civilization learns the other copy or follow it. This allowed to diffusion of technology and science
- Religious elites sponsored artwork and architecture in order to promote god(s). Political and economic elites used artwork to promote propaganda in order to better themselves to seem better to the public.
- Because of expanding exchange networks cultural diffusion allowed music and arts to spread between the two cultures.
- During the foundation era there were mainly city states ruled by chiefs. Most Chiefs were harsh, but allowed safety from outside barbarians
- During the foundation era most hunter foraging societies did not have governments, but as they changed to more settled civilizations they made kings in order to provide structure to their societies.
![Picture](/uploads/8/8/3/6/88368974/10_1.jpg?250)
- Hunter-Forager societies traveled in small groups as they had to move to where the animals they hunted for food migrated. Pastoral and settled agricultural societies settled villages meaning staying in the same place, because they created food by growing it or domesticating sheep and cattle they were able to have a greater carrying capacity then hunter-foragers.
- During the foundation era cities were greater for trade and arts, now a days cities are places for mass population and commercial growth.
- Judaism is the first of the Abrahamic religions, and one of the first monotheistic religions. Judaism was established by Moses when God gave Moses the Ten Commandments. Hinduism contains four principle beliefs Dharma or ethics/duties, Artha or work/prosperity, Kama or desires/passions, and Moksha or liberation/freedom. Hinduism was developed or a significant period of time, culturally diffusing from invaders. Confucianism was developed independently in China during Chaos. Confucianism isn't really a religion more of a way of living. Confucianism emphasizes social order and responsibility, this helped bring the people of China back into one.
- As civilizations create good trade and relations they adopt each other's policies they grew off of each other. Some grew enough bonds to allow ally ships for protection and help during war.
- Most interactions between states usually ended in fighting and wars over resources and land.
- Cities at the time were trading posts allowing people to come from all around to buy and sell goods, under protection and laws. They also were centers of art and politics, aka a place where cultural diffusion occurred.
- Most belief systems played a critical role in what was allowed in trade and economics. In china Daoism made the economy based off of agriculture.
- Increased and expansion of trade routes allowed faster and safer trade. Some examples would be Persia’s royal road, the Mediterranean for trade along southern Europe and northern Africa.
- Over time trade increased significantly, as more and more civilizations created trade and during the Foundation era, the Royal Road, the Silk Road, and the Greek roads made trade increase dramatically.
- Patriarchy grew significantly, previously in hunter gatherer societies, women were actually considered greater than men but as people settled men grew as the “better gender” because they were stronger and provided protection.
- Specialized labor developed social hierarchies, because some jobs were better than others.
- During the Foundations era, Hammurabi’s code was the main legal system that ranked people. It contained laws that some would consider inhuman such as if you hurt a noble man you have to pay a significantly large sum of money to them, but if you hit a peasant, the peasant has to give you half of what he is worth
The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
I. Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished, including Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys, Egypt in the Nile River Valley, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley, Shang in the Yellow River Valley (Huang He), Olmec in Mesoamerica, and Chavin in Andean South America
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time.
Permanent agricultural societies manipulated their environment, causing deforestation and altering of the soil. Pastoralist and hunter-forager societies were mobile so they could follow the food, and they were forced to set limits on their population so they wouldn’t outgrow their resources. Pastoralist societies’ livestock would also augment the environment and soil wherever they went. |
Explain how environmental factors influenced human migrations and settlements
Due to the fertility of the soil and the abundance of water in Mesopotamia and along the Nile, early peoples of the Middle East and North Africa gathered and settled around these areas. In Mesopotamia, unpredictable flooding made farming a bit difficult, but compared to the infertile deserts outside, it was the best option they had. |
II. The first states emerged within core civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley
Explain how early humans used tools and technologies to establish communities?
Humans used to use technologies to boost their population to make communities of multiple families. This has to cultivate from the many farming hoes that made the process of making food in fields speed up. Another technology that allowed civilizations to bloom was the introduction of the sewage system into the towns. This made it possible for indoor plumbing to exist so they could be more attraction towards the unity of the civilization. |
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time?
Hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies each made an effect in the land that they set foot on land. Hunter-foragers ate wild animals that they found which made the society on a more risk and reward system but these were found more in Europe. Pastoralism was used in Asia as there was a lot of sheep and cattle farmer there due to it was a peaceful region compared to others. The form that was used near the Nile region (middle east region) was settled agricultural society and it was went people either ate farm crops and domesticated animals. This is because the fertile soil allowed for enough food so a lot of people could stay in one space. |
Explain how environmental factors influence human migrations and settlements?
Due to the factors near the Nile region and the Egypt region, migrations and settlements changed to the situations they were in. In the Nile region, people lived near the Nile river in the valley due to the fertile soil that made farming easy. When the Nile was about to go through it's nearly flood, people migrate away from their house, temporarily. In Egypt and north Africa, people migrated and settled near the Mediterranean sea and near the Nile river due to it was a big source of water in a mostly dry area. |
Explain how people used technology to overcome geographical barriers to migration over time?
In the Nile valley, people built their houses up high so when the Nile flood their houses did not flood with it. Egypt made big temples to house tons of people, and to have a centerpiece for a town to attract people. This helps because it limits how many people live alone in the harsh desert waiting to die. Past the foundations unit, the Persians built roads to connect their empire in the middle east to avoid the harsh terrain that people had to trek. This made the ability available for people to go from one side to the other side of the middle east. |
Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance?
Rulers, especially the Nile valley area, became more powerful as time progressed. Egypt was ruled by pharaohs in pyramids in the foundations unit. It was never a start of an empire because it got taken over by the Persians. The Nile river was never ruled by a strong leader until the Persian empire was formed. This was able to unify everyone from the small groups of before to a strong empire that was able to become the biggest one in the world at the time. |
Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time?
The Nile valley and north Africa regions the government's changed rapidly over time. Besides Egypt, pre-Persian lifestyle was very decentralized and scattered. Due to Persian empire taking over, the Persian empire turned into a centralized government for all of the small groups that ruled those lands before. |
Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production?
In north Africa, like Egypt, the unification of settlements from the pharaoh allowed for more organization. This allowed for marketplaces where trading can be concocted. This was really helpful because, besides near the river, it was really hard to grow food in the soil that they were presented. Before the Persian empire in the Nile, small civilizations had to make food for themselves near the river. Trade was not used that often as many big civilizations wanted to trade with each other |
Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution?
Many factors explain state formation, expansion and dissolution. In Egypt, cities were found due to it will allow people to stay safe in the harsh conditions. It gave people a reason in life to exist and someone to serve. If people were lost they can go to the pharaoh indirectly as it was the most un-patriarchy government at the time. It was broken when the Persians took over it due to its expanding army. The Persians was able to take over the Nile pretty easy because people wanted to feel strong and wanted. Like the Egypt government before, the Persian army broke apart due to invaders and a slue of cocky leaders that made dumb decisions. |
Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies?
Centralized governments like Egypt and Persia have similarities and differences between Mesopotamian societies which were not centralized. Egyptian societies were able to accomplish bigger projects like the pyramids while societies like Mesopotamian, while having kings, do not have the alliance to build these types of projects. Centralized governments before the Classical age do have one person in charge, and governments that do not have these states do not. They are still both are bound by a hierarchy ladder poll. The centralized governments acted like the pastoral culture while other non-centralized governments acted like agriculture governments. |
Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution?
Commercial exchanges help an empire succeed longer; therefore, many traits of the empire change due to the constant culture diffusion present. It increases state building because-not only it gives different viewpoints of what buildings should be built, how they should be built, and what type of priorities should be present-it allows for people to specialize in one area and work in that area to perfection. It helps expansion because it provides materials that would not be present in that area, and it limits the possibility that region that they are trading with will fall under there reign. It slows down dissolution because allies send help for those empire that would not be present before. Without trading, these kingdoms would want the empire fall so they can claim their land. |
Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture?
Every way that people get food comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. In foraging, people are able to put the least work into this hunting skill as well as this creates the most variably in the food supply. The downfall is that this ends up being a guessing games of survival with the subject turing into a nomad. A pastoralist is able to make food successfully every year if he has enough of cattle, and he is able to turn one animal into a weeks worth of food. On the other hand, the subject can form an attachment to his animals, or the animals can get a disease and die early. In agriculture, you are able to settle down into towns (like pastoralist) and the plants are always going to grow, year after year, with the number of plants increasing. On the other hand, a bad drought, a hurricane, or any other natural disaster can decrease the number of vegetables and fruits produced. |
Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires?
The strategies used by the early Persian empire, Mesopotamia, and Egypt varied greatly. Egypt used a center Pharaoh with a very detail hierarchy to further develop its goals. This able them to work on big projects, and- for a time -they were the most advanced culture. Mesopotamia uses kings but their do not have a strong control over all the land. Therefore, the split the land that are led by selected people. Early Persia does not invade empires with conflict, but with peace. In the beginning, it gives people of all types to get paid and to be special. |
Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies?
Labor was very differentiated between the two societies. In Egypt, shamefully enough, only the men were able to work. This slowed down the process of the food production of the Egyptian and left the Egyptian women just view as breed makers. To add on to that, many men did only work on government projects and not their own families. In Mesopotamian society , women were able to work on the farms but that is it. The men also worked for their government in building buildings and structures but that was less common than the people of Egypt. More importantly, less people died while working in Mesopotamia because people were not working as hardly and as high up as people in Egypt. |
Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and traveler, in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies?
Without the varieties of roles that can be provided to any empire, that said empire would fail. Pastoralist decrease the diffusion of crops because they put it in one area for the increase number of animals to eat. They give commodities to the people that order their meat and they give they used to give the technology of transportation and a tool of carrying objects. Traders increase the diffusion of crops because they give seeds to people of empires that do not have these plants in their lands already. The animal count is not changed, but different variability is brought to each empire. They bring the commodities and technologies of other empires with them so it can culturally diffuse into the land. The traveler might spread crops and animals to other countries he will come across. This will not make the number of plants or animals increase but the number of variability in the foreign land increase, but not the traveler's home. He will most likely diffuse his commodities into his teaching and knowledge and learn about new technologies that other civilizations develop. |
Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies?
Labor systems was a direct impact of social hierarchies in mostly Egypt. The pharaoh did not do any work besides keeping the people in control, but he got the most respect because he was at the top. There were high servants and head engineers who got to see the pharaoh if they were lucky. Then you had the common man, who busted their tails the most to stay above the requirements. If they fell under, they became slaves and their life was pointless. The lowest classes would have to work that hard till the point of full torture. Luckily, this system was not as common in Mesopotamian but the higher class were still able to get by from doing less. |
III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time.
|
Compare the origins, principal beliefs, and practices of the major world religions and belief systems
|
Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
|
Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks
|
Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions
|
Explain how cross cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge
|
Explain how economic, religious, and political elites defined and sponsored art and architecture
|
Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors
|
Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time
|
Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies
|